The was developed by Sir to excavate the in 1825. However, this was only the invention of the shield concept and did not involve the construction of a complete tunnel boring machine, the digging still having to be accomplished by the then standard excavation methods. [pdf]
Edward A.L. Roberts was awarded a patent in November 1866 for what would become known as the Roberts Torpedo, a device for increasing the flow of oil by using an explosion deep in a well. The new te. [pdf]
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